Living Medical
Textbook
From Projects In Knowledge
 
Oncology
Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: Metastatic Melanoma Edition
 
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Chapter 1
Immunology in Review

Last Reviewed: April 06, 2010
Chapter 2
Tumor-Fighting T-Cells

Last Updated: September 22, 2009
Chapter 3
Costimulation and the T-Cell Response

Last Updated: October 01, 2009
Costimulation Allows for T-Cell Activation
Lack of Costimulation Produces Anergy/Secondary Signaling Proteins Inhibit Effector Functions of T-Cells
References
 
Chapter 4
Targeting Immune Stimulation: Clinical Application of Immunology

Last Updated: October 31, 2009
Chapter 5
Autoimmune Effects of CTLA-4 Antibodies: Management and Correlation with Benefit

Last Updated: November 18, 2009


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This independent CME activity is supported by educational grants from

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Chapter 3

Costimulation and the T-Cell Response

Contributing Writers: F. Stephen Hodi, MD and Lauren Cerruto
Contributing Editor: F. Stephen Hodi, MD
Editor-in-Chief: Jeffrey S. Weber, MD, PhD


Last Updated: August 01, 2010

References

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  2. Koretzky GA. T lymphocyte signaling mechanisms and activation. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003;346-375.

  3. Harris NL, Ronchese F. The role of B7 costimulation in T-cell immunity. Immunol Cell Biol. 1999;77:304-311.

  4. Lenschow DJ, Walunas TL, Bluestone JA. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol. 1996;14:233-258.

  5. Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmaire LS, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med. 1991;174:561-569.

  6. Berard M, Tough DF. Qualitative differences between naïve and memory T cells. Immunology. 2002;106:127-138.

  7. Harding FA, McArthur JG, Gross JA, Raulet DH, Allison JP. CD28-mediated signaling co-stimulates murine T cells and prevents induction of anergy in T-cell clones. Nature. 1992;356:607-609.

  8. Gudmundsdottir H, Turka LA. T cell costimulatory blockade: new therapies for transplant rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:1356-1365.

  9. Rudd CE. Upstream-downstream: CD28 cosignaling pathways and T cell function. Immunity. 1996;4:527-534.

  10. Yu X-Z, Martin PJ, Anasetti C. CD28 signal enhances apoptosis of CD8 T cells after strong TCR ligation. J Immunol. 2003;170:3002-3006.

  11. Sompayrac L. How the Immune System Works. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008.

  12. Magee T, Pirinen N, Adler J, Pagakis SN, Parmryd I. Lipid rafts: cell surface platforms for T cell signaling. Biol Res. 2002;35:127-131.

  13. van Berkel M, Oosterwegel MA. CD28 and ICOS: similar or separate costimulators of T cells? Immunol Lett. 2006;105:115-122.

  14. Zaini J, Andarini S, Tahara M, et al. OX40 ligand expressed by DCs costimulates NKT and CD4+ Th cell antitumor immunity in mice. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:3330-3338.

  15. Makrigiannis AP, Musgrave BL, Mansour Haeryfar SM, Hoskin DW. Interleukin-12 can replace CD28-dependent T-cell costimulation during nonspecific cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction by anti-CD3 antibody. J Leukoc Biol. 2001;69:113-122.

  16. Mondino A, Jenkins MK. Surface proteins involved in T cell costimulation. J Leuk Biol. 1994;55:805-815.

  17. Yu X, Abe R, Hodes RJ. The role of B7-CD28 co-stimulation in tumor rejection. Int Immunol. 1998;10:791-797.

  18. Nurieva R, Thomas S, Nguyen T, et al. T-cell tolerance or function is determined by combinatorial costimulatory signals. EMBO J. 2006;25:2623-2633.

  19. Quill H, Schwartz RH. Stimulation of normal inducer T cell clones with antigen presented by purified la molecules in planar lipid membranes: specific induction of a long-lived state of proliferative nonresponsiveness. J Immunol. 1987;138:3704-3712.

  20. Egen JG, Kuhns MS, Allison JP. CTLA-4: new insights into its biological function and use in tumor immunotherapy. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:611-618.

  21. Gajewski TF. Failure at the effector phase: immune barriers at the level of the melanoma tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5256-5261.

  22. Walunas TL, Lenschow DJ, Bakker CY, et al. CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity. 1994;1:405-413.

  23. Krummel MF, Allison JP. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med. 1995;182:459-465.

  24. Linsley PS, Brady W, Grosmaire L, Aruffo A, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. Binding of the B cell activation B7 to CD28 costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin 2 mRNA accumulation. J Exp Med. 1991;173:721-730.

  25. Hathcock KS, Laszlo G, Dickler HB, Bradshaw J, Linsley P, Hodes RJ. Identification of an alternative CTLA-4 ligand costimulatory for T cell activation. Science. 1993;262:905-907.

  26. Tivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH. Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity. 1995;3:541-547.

  27. Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science. 1995;270:985-988.

  28. Ghebeh H, Barhoush E, Tulbah A, et al. FOXP3+Tregs and B7-HI+/PD-1+ T lymphocytes co-infiltrate the tumor tissues of high-risk breast cancer patients: implication for immunotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:57.

  29. Kobayashi N, Hiraoka N, Yamagami W, et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells affect the development and progression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:902-911.

  30. Mizukami Y, Kono K, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Localisation pattern of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is associated with clinical behaviour in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008;98:148-153.

  31. Brunkow ME, Jeffery EW, Hjerrild KA, et al. Disruption of a new forkhead/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse. Nat Genet. 2001;27:68-73.

  32. Sutmuller RPM, van Duivenvoorde LM, van Elsas A, et al. Synergism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and depletion of CD25+ regulatory T cells in antitumor therapy reveals alternative pathways for suppression of autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med. 2001;194:823-832.

  33. Kavanagh B, O'Brien S, Lee D, et al. CTLA-4 blockade expands FoxP3+ regulatory and activated effector CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Blood. 2008;112:1175-1183.

  34. Zang X, Allison JP. The B7 family and cancer therapy: costimulation and coinhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5271-5279.

  35. Refaeli Y, van Parljs L, London CA, et al. Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. Immunity. 1998;8;615-623.
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